He was born in Nancy-France. He received the B.
S., M. S. and Ph. D., all in Electrical Engineering from EPUSP-Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São
Paulo, in 1972, 1981, and 1989, respectively. From 1974 to 1978 he was with
FDTE-Fundação para o Desenvolvimento
Tecnológico da Engenharia as a member of Technical Staff on the development
of Communication Systems. From 1978 to 1990 as Instructor he taught part-time
at EPUSP and he was with FDTE and FUSP-Fundação de Apoio à Universidade de São
Paulo where he was engaged as Technical Leader
in various development programs of Communication Systems to industry and
government. Since 1990 he has been with EPUSP where he is full-time Assistant
Professor, Associate since 1992 and Full Professor since 2005, and Researcher
in Communication Systems. Co-ordinator of LCS-Laboratório
de Comunicações e Sinais of EPUSP in 1995/97, 1999/01 and 2003/05.
President of the Undergraduate Commission of EPUSP in 2008/14. Associate
Provost of the Undergraduate Studies of USP from 03/2011 to 01/2014. General
Co-Chairmen of ITS'98-International Telecommunications Symposium, sponsored by
SBrT - Sociedade Brasileira de Telecomunicações and IEEE/ComSoc, held in São
Paulo from August 9 to 13,1998. General Chairman of the ISSSTA-06, 2006 IEEE
Ninth International Symposium on Spread Spectrum Techniques and Applications,
sponsored by EPUSP and technically co-sponsored by: IEEE, IEEE/ComSoc, IEE, VDE
and SBrT, held in Manaus from August 28 to 31, 2006. Senior Member of IEEE since 2007 and SBrT since 2013. General co-ordinator for
the cooperation agreements between Escola Politécnica and Ericsson do
Brasil, Motorola do Brasil and Telesp-Celular, since 1999. He was visiting
professor at UPC-Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, Barcelona-Spain in 1995
and at TUB-Technical University of Budapest, Hungary in 2001. He is author of
more than 140 research papers published in periodicals and symposiums and the
book Sistemas
Telefônicos (Editora Manole, 2007). Retired since 2017, now works as
a collaborating professor.
EPUSP-Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo
PTC-Departamento de Engenharia de Telecomunicações e Controle
LCS-Laboratório de Comunicações e Sinais
Caixa Postal 61548-São Paulo-SP-Brazil
CEP 05424-970
phone: 55-11-3091-5290
fax: 55-11-3091-5718
e-mail: pjej@usp.br
homepage: http://www.lcs.poli.usp.br/~pjj
-
Communication Systems
- Wireless Communications
- Digital Telephony
- CDMA-Code Division Multiple Access
- Code Sequences for Spread Spectrum
- PTC-2549 Sistemas
Telefônicos (Telephony)
- PTC-2433 Teoria das Comunicações II (Communications Theory II)
- PTC-3452 Teoria da Informação e Codificação (Information and Coding Theory)
- PTC-5710 Comunicação por Espalhamento Espectral (Spread Spectrum Communications)
- PTC-5757 Tópicos Especiais em Comunicações
Digitais (Special Topics on Digital Communications)
- PTC-5869 Teoria Básica e Aplicações das Sequências de Códigos (Code Sequences: Theory and Applications)
TÓPICOS SOBRE A CARACTERIZAÇÃO DO DESEMPENHO DE
SISTEMAS DS-CDMA (size: 1.41M), M. S. Dissertation, John
Richard Fitzgerald Júnior, 3/1996. This master thesis addresses and compares several possible ways to
determine CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) systems performance, using
specific and random sequences. The main body of the work concerns DS (Direct
Sequence) systems with the use of deterministic code sequences. One evaluation
method is developed using random code sequence for comparative effects. The
performance is characterized by the system’s bit error probability considered
as a quality index.
ANÁLISE DE UM SISTEMA DE COMUNICAÇÃO POR
PACOTES PARA USO EM TELEFONIA MÓVEL MICROCELULAR (size: 985K),
M. S. Dissertation, José Augusto de Lima, 1/1997. This master thesis establishes a mobile micro
cellular communications systems characterization based on the PRMA (Packet
Reservation Multiple Access) technique. The communication support is a high bit
rate metropolitan area network for simultaneous voice and data transmission.
The main performance measure is the voice package drop probability.
SEQÜÊNCIAS DE CÓDIGOS PARA USO EM COMUNICAÇÃO
POR ESPALHAMENTO ESPECTRAL (size: 767K), M. S.
Dissertation, Angel Antonio Gonzalez Martinez, 3/1997. This
master thesis makes an exhaustive review of code sequences families used in spread
spectrum communication and a possible choice optimization of them, when used in
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) systems, is studied by simulation.
Families of sequences are introduced (generated in linear and non-linear form)
and their most important characteristics exposed. The work presents also some
performance indicators for each family and an objective criterion for sequence
selection.
UMA ESTRATÉGIA DE MIGRAÇÃO DE SISTEMAS DE
TELEFONIA MÓVEL COM TECNOLOGIA AMPS PARA TECNOLOGIA CDMA (size: 3.18M), M. S. Dissertation,
Ronald Luís Clarkson Eisner, 8/1997. This master thesis studies a strategy for the transition of a mobile
phone system with FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) technology to CDMA
(Code Division Multiple Access) in terms of interference between both systems
and increase of the subscriber capacity.
ANÁLISE DE UM MÉTODO DE AQUISIÇÃO EM DOIS
ESTÁGIOS PARA SISTEMAS DS-CDMA (size: 1.18M), M. S.
Dissertation, Ivan Roberto Santana Casella, 6/1998. This
work tries to characterize the behavior of a new proposed DS-CDMA acquisition
system. This new scheme is applied to DS-CDMA systems in which
timing uncertainties between the received and local spreading code are
inside a relatively small and known interval of the total uncertain region.
Without the use of this kind of technique, the acquisition process determines
the capacity limitation of DS-CDMA systems. Since it is possible to use a
technique like this, the DS-CDMA system capacity is limited by the bit error
probability, for a specific desired performance.
ANÁLISE DO USO DA ALOCAÇÃO DINÂMICA DE CANAIS
EM SISTEMAS DE TELEFONIA CELULAR (size: 3.34M), M. S. Dissertation, Benedito
José Barreto Fonseca Júnior, 8/1999. Fixed Channel Allocation (FCA) causes several problems in present
cellular phone systems: need for frequency planning, poor tolerance to traffic
load variations and low capacity due to low trunking efficiency and high design
margins. Dynamic Channel Allocation (DCA) is an alternative to solve these problems.
This research considers several different DCA algorithms under the same
scenario, allowing a complete analysis and comparison of their performance.
Call quality and stability are considered in detail. The impact of power
control, user mobility and limited number of transceivers in base stations are
studied separately. The application of DCA in TDMA systems and its main
problems are also studied.
ANÁLISE DE SISTEMAS
DS/CDMA DE MÚLTIPLA TAXA (size: 1.37M), M. S. Dissertation, Cyro Scarano Hemsi,
3/2000.The objective of this work is to study multi-rate DS/CDMA systems. The
work focuses on capacity and resource optimization aspects of this system. From
user specifications, as maximum transmission power and minimum rate and quality
of service (QoS) requirements in a multi-class environment, a capacity expression
is derived, which can be optimized to result the minimum total transmission
power solution or the maximum total throughput one, as was investigated,
initially for a single cell, next for multi-cell environment.
Furthermore, the work studies a modification in the multi-rate CDMA
transmission scheme (single-user detection with all users transmitting at same
time) that proposes to time schedule the signals of delay-tolerant users and
also maximize their rates in this situation, resulting throughput gains, when
compared with the conventional transmission mode. These throughput gains were
also compared with the ones obtained with SIC (successive interference
cancellation) multi-user approach, which was also modeled in this work.
TÓPICOS SOBRE A DETERMINAÇÃO DA CAPACIDADE DE
SISTEMAS DS/CDMA (size: 1.64M), M. S. Dissertation,
Márcio Wagner Duarte Rolim, 6/2000. This master thesis establishes the capacity of DS/CDMA systems, in
particular that defined by IS-95 standard. The determination is based on
reverse channel (Mobile Unit to Base Station) considering the following
additional factors: frequency reuse efficiency, imperfect power control,
sectorization, vocal activity and soft handoff. Each factor was statistically
characterized and finally we have obtained a general expression for the system
capacity. At the end we have also calculated the direct channel (Base Station
to Mobile Unit) limitation and with this determination we have concluded that
the main limitation is on reverse channel.
ESTUDO DE TÉCNICAS DE ALOCAÇÃO DINÂMICA DE RECURSOS
E SINCRONISMO PARA SERVIÇOS DE MULTIMÍDIA NUM SISTEMA MÓVEL CELULAR CDMA DE
BANDA LARGA (size: 540K), M. S. Dissertation, Eduardo
Meirelles Massaud, 8/2000. In this master thesis two fundamental topics in a
cellular mobile system transmission process are presented: To make them
feasible, direct sequence spread spectrum CDMA systems with transmission of
multiple parallel channels per user are analyzed to reach higher throughputs.
The relation between multimedia quality of service and limits on the number of
codes are studied and analyzed through computer simulation in some specific
cases. Parameters that make synchronization process between multimedia
documents feasible are also analyzed and delay thresholds are established to
keep the quality of services. Maximum loss information of each multimedia
services is also studied to keep end-user reproduction quality of service. Some
computer simulations of dynamic resource allocation are presented too.
CANCELADORES DE
INTERFERÊNCIA MULTIUSUÁRIO APLICADOS A SISTEMAS DS/CDMA DE MÚLTIPLA TAXA (full
size: 11.1M); or by parts:contents
(size: 144K), chapter 1 (size: 152K), chapter 2 (size: 3.82M), chapter 3
(size: 1.76M), chapter 4 (size: 1.45M), chapter 5 (size: 3.17M), chapter 6
(size: 28K), annex (size: 5.13M), references (size: 63K),
Ph. D. Thesis, Taufik Abrão, 4/2001. This work investigates new MuD structures
for mobile DS-CDMA (Direct Sequence-Code Division Multiple Access)
communication systems in AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) and flat fading
Rayleigh channels combining non-linear Interference Cancellers (IC) to two
types of multirate access schemes: Multiple Processing Gain (MPG) and Multiple
Codes (MC). The original contributions of this work related to new MuD
structures for high capacity acting in a multirate scenario can be synthesized
as: 1- Proposal and performance determination for five new MuD structures based
on multistage parallel and hybrid interference cancellation schemes which
detect DS-CDMA signals with different information rates; 2- Development of an
analytical model for multistage Parallel Interference Cancellers (PIC)
performance determination with hard and tanh decision detectors in AWGN and
flat fading Rayleigh channels; 3- Comparison of linear and non-linear decision
detectors for multistage PIC based receivers in a single rate scenario in AWGN
and flat fading Rayleigh channels from extensive Monte Carlo simulation.
ESQUEMAS DE MULTITAXA PARA SISTEMAS CDMA DE
BANDA LARGA (size: 996K), M.S. Dissertation, André
Fagundes da Rocha, 10/2002. This
work investigates DS-CDMA cellular systems, which adopt multi-rate schemes,
based on multiple modulation formats, multiple processing gains or multiple
spreading codes. The work covers the description and modeling of these systems;
a performance analysis with the development of error bit probability
expressions for AWGN and frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels; and the
evaluation of interferent power as a function of path loss model, cellular
architecture and geometry, and users distribution over the cells. Finally, the
three systems are compared, and advantages and disadvantages of each one are
shown. This comparison includes a performance analysis where two-application
systems are investigated. It is shown that multi-code systems have the same
performance of multi processing-gain systems, while multi-modulation systems
have poor performance at high bit rates.
ESTRUTURAS ESPAÇO-TEMPORAIS DE MÚLTIPLAS
ENTRADAS E MÚLTIPLAS SAÍDAS PARA A TRANSMISSÃO DE DADOS DE ALTA TAXA EM
SISTEMAS W-CDMA (size: 2.9M), Ph. D. Thesis, Ivan Roberto Santana Casella,
3/2004. Future wireless communication
systems promise to offer a wide variety of multimedia services. However, the
perspectives of a great demand by the new services, and the characteristics of
demanded QoS, make essential the use of high capacity systems with high-speed
wireless access, motivating the development and the use of new technologies. In
the last few years, several structures based on recent advances in the signal
processing area have been proposed to reduce the fading effects caused by the
radio propagation channel and the different types of wireless communication
interference, thus enabling an increase of system capacity and of wireless
access speed. Traditionally, space diversity is one of the most used techniques
to combat fading, while beamforming is one of the more effective techniques for
interference suppression. Space diversity, typically implemented by multiple
transmit and/or receive antenna arrays, stands out for enabling a reduction of
the channel fading effects without necessarily sacrificing precious frequency
band resources. Beyond this, as demonstrated recently, multiple transmit and
receive antenna arrays allow a significant increase in system capacity. On the
other hand, beamforming considers that multipath components of the desired
signal and of the interfering signals happen about the receiver with different
angles, allowing an antenna array to explore this signature space, through the
adjustment of the radiation pattern of the antenna array, to improve the
desired signal and to cancel the interfering signals. Attending to the
requisites of larger capacity and higher rates, indispensable for future
wireless communication systems, we have proposed and analyzed in this thesis
different transmit and receive structures based on the use of antenna arrays and
coding techniques. We considered both the uplink and the downlink of some
different wireless communication systems, enabling both the reduction of
interference, and improvement of SNR, by exploiting different forms of
diversity.
RECEPTORES RAKE EM CANAIS COM DESVANECIMENTOS
RÁPIDOS E SELETIVOS EM FREQÜÊNCIA PARA SISTEMAS DS-CDMA (size: 2.24M), M. S. Dissertation, Elvis Miguel
Galeas Stancanelli, 07/2004. One of the main causes that degrade the performance of mobile
communication systems is the signal fading due to the channel characteristics
variations. In this context, diversity techniques consist in a very usual
solution for CDMA systems. The Time RAKE receiver earns eminence in the midst
of diversity techniques, whose theory was presented about half century ago, and
already implemented in the first DS-CDMA standard (IS-95). Nevertheless, in its
original conception a very slow fading channel was assumed, which don't always
reflects the reality. As choice to the non-coherent version, it is possible to
exploit the signal envelope variations as another form of diversity, which
treats the fast channels through a signal processing: it is the Doppler
diversity. In this dissertation, the joint multipath Doppler diversity is
founded and analyzed, and the Time-frequency RAKE receiver is defined and
implemented through the STFT. The signal-to-noise ratio gain with the Doppler
diversity can be about 17dB for a bit error rate of 10-4 in a scenario
characterized by a normalized Doppler shift around the unity. The STFT window
length can be adjusted to improve the Doppler diversity and it can be stated
that a large number of Doppler sub-channels with similar energies is the ideal
scenario. An expression that provides an approximation for this energy
allocation was also deduced. Additionally, the Doppler diversity for some
examples considering unicellular systems was evaluated, via Monte Carlo
simulations. Finally, two additional schemes were also considered: (i) the
multicode in order to improve the Doppler diversity, preserving the information
transmission rate; (ii) and an interference canceling algorithm for the parallel
channels decoupling (channels created by the adopted multirate scheme). Despite
its larger computational complexity, in comparison with the traditional Time
RAKE approach, the Time-frequency RAKE receiver can be seen as an attractive
alternative that would deserve more research works.
MODELAGEM COMPUTACIONAL DE CANAIS DE
COMUNICAÇÃO MÓVEL (size: 4.77M), M. S. Dissertation, Vanderlei Aparecido da Silva,
10/2004. Computational
modeling is a powerful and widely used tool for research in mobile
communication systems. In such systems, the communication channel modeling is
an indispensable factor, because its mobility and propagation characteristics
can cause distortion over the transmitted waveform. This work contains the main
mathematical and computing communication channel models. A historical cover is
provided, which presents the nature of the problem and the initial modeling of
the fading phenomenon. On the other hand, recent models are presented, which
are mathematically effective and computationally efficient. One contribution of
this work is the proposal of a new fading channel computational model, which
was suitably tested and validated. The presented models were mathematically
analyzed through its statistical properties. From numerical and computational
point of view, the models were analyzed through several simulations. The main
conclusion, from analytical and simulated results, shows that two models using
frequency filtering are the best choice for the generation of multiple
uncorrelated Rayleigh fading waveforms, where one of them is the new proposed
model. This work can help mobile communications researchers to suitably model
the communication channel in a computer simulation.
SISTEMAS CDMA MULTIPORTADORA (size: 2.35M), M. S. Dissertation, Bruno Augusto
Angélico, 5/2005. Multicarrier CDMA systems have been considered as good
candidates to integrate one of the fourth generation wireless mobile
communications standards, mainly because they are relatively robust to the
degrading effects of a mobile communication channel with high transmission
rates. The present work brings a comparative performance study of three
multicarrier CDMA systems: MC-CDMA, MC DS-CDMA orthogonal and MT-CDMA. The
results presented here are obtained analytically according to some developments
found in the literature and also by Monte Carlo simulation. The MC-CDMA system
had the best result in terms of bit error rate. However, it is important to
point out that such conclusion limits to the configurations used and the
simplifications adopted to obtain the systems performance.
METODOLOGIAS DE SELEÇÃO DE
SEQÜÊNCIAS DE ESPALHAMENTO PARA SISTEMAS DS/CDMA QUASE SÍNCRONOS (size: 2.04M), M. S. Dissertation, André Seichi
Ribeiro Kuramoto, 5/2005. This work presents a study on some proposed methods of obtaining
families of appropriate sequences for the spreading function in QS-CDMA
systems. In this study, binary and poliphase sequences and a family of ternary
sequences recently proposed in the literature are considered. Special attention
is given to the families of binary sequences. For some of these families, performance
illustrations are presented in terms of bit error rate for a QS-CDMA mobile
communication system with conventional reception in Rayleigh fading
channel. Such illustrations aid the evaluation of these families of
binary sequences. In the literature they are found few works on appropriate
sequences to QS-CDMA systems with variable data rates (multirate). In this
work, it was evaluated the use of the binary sequences previously studied in a
multirate QS-CDMA system with multiple code scheme. For the multirate QS-CDMA
system with multiples processing gains a methodology of sequence selection was
proposed. The conclusions of this work involve the classification of the
methodologies of obtaining the families of sequences in terms of: complexity of
the method, characteristic of the resulting families of sequences,
proportionate performance in a QS-CDMA system and the applicability in a
multirate QS-CDMA system.
Análise do
Controle de Potência Aplicado ao Canal Reverso de Sistemas DS-CDMA (size: 11.7M) , M. S. Dissertation, Tadeu Júnior
Gross, 7/2005. This
dissertation deals with the Verhulst continuous dynamic model is used, that was
elaborated initially to describe the biological species population growth with
food and physical space restrictions, in order to synthesize a new DPCA
(Distributed Power Control Algorithm) applicable in Direct Sequence Code
Division Multiple Access (DSCDMA) systems. The associated differential equation
is discretized via the Euler method, originally used for numerical integration.
Properties of this recursive algorithm, as the Euclidean distance of optimum
power vector distance and convergence velocity, are investigated via
simulation. Numerical results are used in order to compare the performance
against two other classic DPCA algorithms: the Foschini and Miljanic, and the
sigmoidal of Uykan and Koivo. With estimation errors the proposed DPCA has
presented smaller discrepancy in comparison with the optimum vector and also a
better convergence velocity. Additionally the Gerschgorin Circles (GC) theory
was applied for the determination of sufficient conditions for the allocation
problem feasibility.
Estimativa de parâmetros de canal
para DS-CDMA baseada na decomposição em subespaços (size 1.26M) , M. S. Dissertation, Paulo José Garcia
Guimarães, 8/2005. With the development of techniques that increase
DS-CDMA capacity as MuD, it is growing the need of accurate channel parameters
estimation (signal strength, propagation delays and carrier phase). Some
articles suggest subspace-based techniques for these parameters determination;
however, papers presented so far are focusing on algorithms development while
less attention is given to the analysis of limits and sensitivity. The
objective of this dissertation is to work on performance and sensitivity
analysis of one proposed algorithm based on subspace decomposition, focusing on
practical utilization, in order to point vulnerabilities and suggest changes
that increase algorithm performance.
Proposta de transmissão de dados em redes de
telefonia celular CDMA2000 (size: 1.1 M); M. S. Dissertation, Ediclei Alves de
Oliveira, 9/2006. Mobile
telephony systems have been constantly asked for new demands of value added services.
Voice traffic only is not enough anymore to support the new needs of mobile
users because nowadays they ask for fast, cost-efficient, cheap and mobile
services to support electronic mail, videoconference or Internet access. This
work presents a method of how to determine minimum rates on traffic channels to
support these services. Considering CDMA2000 technology, an impact analysis
will be made in the air interface for these specific traffic channels. Same
analysis will be made when minimum or maximum rates are reserved for each user,
also comparing the time needed for data transmission, efficiency of the cell
(useful rate / maximum rate) and others. The conclusions of this work may allow
strategies to support data users in mobile telephony networks in such different
ways, as better cost-effective solution, specific segment of the market (i.e.,
to concentrate in services with higher or lower transmission rates) or even to
foresee the amount of resources needed in a network to support a forecasted number
of users.
Sistemas
de banda ultralarga com pré-processamento
(Size: 2,4 M),
Ph.D. Thesis, Bruno Augusto Angélico, 6/2010. The channel impulse response of a typical ultra
wideband system is characterized by a large number of resolvable paths. For a efficient reception, the energy spread over the multipath
components has to be somehow combined. Considering the downlink of a wireless
personal area network, the access point is assumed to have a good hardware
capacity when compared to the portable devices of the network, such as digital
cameras, cell phones and mp3 players. This work focuses on preprocessing
schemes that are able to combine efficiently the multipath components, and to
combat self and multiuser interference without increasing the computational
cost at the receiver (portable devices) substantially. Hence, most of the
complexity is transferred to the transmitter (access point) in such a way that
the receiver needs only a conventional detector or a conventional detector
followed by a moderated complexity processing in order to mitigate the residual
interference.
Otimização Multidimensional
Baseada em Heurísticas Aplicada aos Sistemas de Comunicação Sem Fio (Size: 6,4 M), Ph.D. Thesis, Fernando
Ciriaco Dias Neto, 03/2012. This work will perform a systematic, integrated and
iterative research of heuristic algorithms applied to parameter estimation and
multiuser detection problems, considering the performance x complexity tradeoff. The CDMA
systems with multidimensional diversity exploitation, i.e., with one or more
diversity techniques, code diversity, frequency, time and space, among other,
in multipath fading channel scenarios are considered. The integrated solution
for parameter estimation and multiuser detection problem uses heuristic
techniques in recurrent form. In addition, we intend to establish a systemic
and comparative analysis of convergence and computational complexity of the
proposal detection technique with some other methods, heuristic or
deterministic, reported in the literature, considering the number of
computational operations that each strategy requires for simultaneous detection
from all active users as a performance metrics. Finally, and most importantly,
this work systematizes the heuristic algorithms approach in the optimization
problems process already mentioned, considering the thresholds for performance
and complexity of these techniques, bringing the scientific community enough
configuration parameters that must be respected in the setup algorithms step to
guarantee satisfactory results when using these methods to multiuser detection
with multidimensional diversity and parameter estimation problems.
EFICIÊNCIA ENERGÉTICA E CAPACIDADE:
ESTRATÉGIAS DE ALOCAÇÃO DE RECURSOS EM REDES SEM FIO DE MÚLTIPLO ACESSO (Size: 4.76 Mb). Ph.D. Thesis,
Lucas Dias Hiera Sampaio, 05/2015. This work investigates the spectrum
and power allocation problems in wire-less multiple access networks and seven
different solutions to different scenarios and topologies, which are enumerated
as follows. Three distinct solutions are presented to the energy efficiency
maximization problem in multicarrier direct sequence code division multiple
access cooperative: two game theoretic approaches, one using the iterative
water-filling algorithm (1) and another one using the distributed power control
algorithm based on Verhulst equilibrium concept (2), and a third solution also
based on the last algorithm but considering the average channel power gain (3);
an heuristic approach using the firefly algorithm (4) and the particle swarm
optimization algorithm (5). In orthogonal frequency division multiple access
networks, optimization problems considering a statistical quality of service
metric were analyzed: the first one is the effective capacity maximization,
which was solved through Lagrange dual decomposition method (6). The second
one, in which the objective is to maximize the effective energy efficiency was
addressed and solution based on the Dinkelbah method and further application of
Lagrange dual decomposition was developed (7). Simulations were conducted to
verify the proposed approaches performance and, whenever possible, the
numerical results were compared to previous solution proposed in the
literature.
Brazil, Hungary, USP,
EPUSP, LCS,
Technological Innovation